Baby Bonus Scheme In Singapore Health And Social Care Essay

Many created states face the test of rapidly lessening birthrate rates. One outline of such is Singapore. Grouped assaults have been taken to look to change by inversion this propensity, however with constrained achievement. A significant arrangement executed in 2001 was child reward methodology. The main finish of this review is to examine the effect of angel fillip towards TFR and the situation of things to come coevals concerning spoil reward procedure. Essential and auxiliary informations were utilized to break down the effect of the angel fillip. Auxiliary data was taken from the specialists records. In this review, an investigation was directed to put the situation of youthful coevals towards infant fillip. The example was picked by advantageous testing. Our discoveries show that from 2001 to 2010 angel fillip gave off an impression of being less viable in light of the fact that the TFR is as yet decreasing. In any case, it assisted in decelerating down the diminishing. From the investigation result, we expect that infant fillip strategy is implausible to hold a significant effect on affecting the TFR in the great beyond. In view of our exploration, one potential proposal to redress the activity of low TFR could be the specialists focusing more on taking consideration of the housing and health aspects of its people.1. IntroductionFor the last barely any mature ages, maturing populace has been one of the main concerns looked by a few created states. English Columbia is one of the states that confronted a maturing populace. Much examination was directed in this state to work out the activity. It was uncovered that the main source of this situation is the compounding of birthrate rate over decennaries [ 1 ] . Whole Fertility Rate ( TFR ) is characterized as the figure of children a mean grown-up female would hold assuming that she carries on with her full generative life-time [ 2 ] . Considered as a created state, Singapore has other than confronted a genuine activity of compounding TFR. With TFR of 1.16 in 2010 [ 3 ] , Singapore is positioned hundred-and-seventieth [ 4 ] known to man and apparently one of the most reduced TFR known to man. Singapore specialists has executed a few approaches to elevate Singaporeans to hold more children, and consequently increment the TFR. The most recent and most far reaching strategy to this terminal is the angel fillip technique. In any case, the outcome of angel fillip is tricky. A gathering of exploration laborers from Melbourne Institution of Applied Economics and Social Research examined the outcome of darling fillip towards whole birthrate rate. In view of their hypothetical record, Baby Bonus applied a little positive outcome on birthrate reason which leaded to a positive effect on birthrate rate. The result appeared to be more grounded for second and perchance higher-request numbered kids. In add-on the outcome indicated that fillip result is enduring [ 5 ] . Anyway this review could non find that the result would be comparable in neighborhood setting, Singapore. Since there is no conventional exploration specific on look intoing TFR and spoil fillip system, our examination will focus essentially on look intoing the effects of darling fillip towards TFR and position of our future coevals regarding this procedure. It will create arrangements in the signifier of proposals that will capacity to better the effectivity of this strategy. The normal ramification for our investigation is that angel fillip is less efficacious in expanding Singapore ‘s TFR. Different factors, for example, the mental reasoning and cultural elements which may affect TFR will non be remembered for our study. To do our examination more clear and all-adjusted, we present a region under Singapore segment structure which portrays about the declining inclination of TFR from 1990 to 2000 and reappraisal of the variables affecting the TFR. The treatment of this paper will be isolated into two boss parts, which is the technique development and result and treatment region. The primary part will focus on elucidating our investigation technique and stuffs that we acquired from specialists records. Under the result region, we will talk our informations examination using, essential and auxiliary informations. The treatment centers around effectivity of child fillip strategy in Singapore. At last in the choice development we will other than indicate the foundation for future exploration to conclude better techniques to cover with birthrate.1.1 Singapore Demographic PatternThe better approach for strategy since the 1990 ‘s is in focusing on the significance of get bringing down a family and holdi ng different children to an effective and all-around life. New appropriation strategies was executed, for example, darling fillip system that was actualized in 2001. The effectivity of these new sponsorship arrangements appeared to be less efficacious. The TFR has proceeded to consistently exacerbate all through the late ninetiess and mid 2000s, regardless of these new approaches. It has fallen by 0.43 from 1990 †2000. This has rise worries to the specialists as it would non have the option to supplant the current work power which prompts the adjustment of endowment strategies in 2004. It still indistinct that the new sweetenings executed in 2004 will hold beneficial outcomes on TFR in future, the underlying imprints are non unconventionally positive.1.1A. Instruction determined capacity and changes in political orientationEducation gives one a solid leader of their ain in indicting their fantasies that can incorporate a steady and regarded calling and purchasing luxurious prod ucts. As such, a twenty-four hours of 24 hours will be utilized to arraign their fantasies, go forthing least clasp for family unit arranging and labor. Puting high incentive on work by the two females and guys are expanding the opportunity cost of holding kids. All these can elucidate the falling propensity in TFR as saw from above. 1.1B. Monetary grounds childcare.JPG The mean overall gains of a worker are about S $ 4000 every month in 2010 [ 6 ] . Indeed, even as this figure has about multiplied itself since a decennary back, the lifting expenses of life and holding angels are debilitating recently marries from childbearing. If we somehow happened to take simply 2 most essential disbursals viz. youngster caring charges and hospitalization quantifies that are acquired during and in a split second subsequent to gestating, we can cognize that financial burden is an arranged record for the declining TFR in Singapore. As appeared, kid care administrations are evaluated at S $ 776 and S $ 572 for mean full twenty-four hours and half twenty-four hours charges severally in 2010. From authoritative informations, hospitalization charge for female guardians in the wake of getting a mean ward of B2 changes between S $ 1000 and S $ 1200 [ 7 ] . The whole charge for these 2 constituents of expected disbursals can add up to S $ 2000, which is as of now 50% of t he compensation of a mean laborer in Singapore.A Such serious extent of dispensing on one child can so dissuade a significant figure of recently marries in holding kids, and our investigation is non in any event, taking into history the unchanging economy of financess for cutting edge securing and tutoring in Singapore each piece great as everyday disbursals on supplement and vesture for the child. Plainly, childbearing is non a simple endeavor as it takes mature ages of help from the purpose of gestating till the purpose of independency. Financial limitation can in this manner be another ground and potentially one of the a greater amount of import grounds with regards to why there is falling TFR saw in Singapore.2. MethodThe characteristic of our examination was NTU students matured from 19 to 26 and chose by comfort attempting strategy. We confine our example on solitary Singaporeans and Singaporean PRs since darling fillip methodology is progressively qualified to Singaporeans. T he focused on size was 100 members, 50 guys and 50 females. The aim of convey oning the investigation is to occur out the situation of our future coevals as for this technique and to happen the evaluated whole birthrate rate in the great beyond. A pilot study was done for starters on the 50 respondents with our drafted test study. We got criticism that our requests were obstinate and not well characterized. Driving requests were other than recklessly included. A portion of the open-finished requests were left space, demoing that the requests disheartened members to answer entirely. Outcomes appeared from this pilot study were conflicting and difficult to break down precisely. To better on our exploration work, we led another investigation with newly stated requests which is more straightforward and increasingly clear. Toward the beginning, we had requests pointing the figure of children our respondents are be aftering to hold. The outcomes here gave us an unsmooth idea of the TFR Singapore was to hold with its present appropriation strategies in topographic point. In this way, we expected respondents to rank the components that are viewed as when they choose the figure of children they were to hold. The most profoundly positioned elements can help Singapore in planing or reexamining constabularies for more prominent effect on Singapore ‘s TFR. Next, we had requests taking at demonstrating the members whether darling fillip had a state in their family arranging. This was to locate the relative significance of angel fillip technique. Moderately high significance put by Singaporeans will let more noteworthy limitless for authority over the populace size. We other than proposed a predominant framework for Singapore ‘s specialists affectation methodology to occur out about the strategy that specialists should focus on. Last, we invited recommendations from respondents to give them a road for displaying their place of perspectives sing the appropriation strategies in inquiry.3. Result and DiscussionThe Baby Bonus Scheme is a two-layered technique, containing a direct hard money blessing from the specialists and a co-sparing understanding in which the specialists lucifers dollar for dollar the total guardians put into a Child Development Account ( CDA ) , skilled to a maximal entirety. ( NEED CITATION )darling bonusTable 3.1 It is seen that holding a second or third child can pass on significant monetary advantages for the guardians from 2001. The Baby Bonus Scheme assisted t

Law and Compliance Issues

Question: Investigate the issues related with law and consistence that are connected with the business that is being controlled by the family in Sydney. Answer: In this exploration exposition, an endeavor has been made to investigate the issues related with law and consistence that are connected with the business that is being controlled by the family in Sydney. In such manner, it must be referenced that a portion of the regions of law with respect to which consistence is vital by the speculation business incorporate property law, the assurance of its licensed innovation, the impact of purchaser insurance enactment. Simultaneously, the business is likewise required to consent to the wellbeing and security enactment just as the work law and the equity enactment (Vickery and Flood 2009). Along these lines, the café is being controlled by the family in Sydney and they need to consider it the Great Catch!. In this unique situation, the law gives that the name of the eatery ought to be enrolled by the gatherings with the ASIC. The lawful position is that the name of the business hosts to be enrolled by the gatherings in the event that they need to maintain the business as a sole dealer or as an organization. The outcome is that in such a case, the family is required to enlist the name of the café with ASIC. In any case, this prerequisite isn't appropriate on the off chance that it hosts been chosen by the gatherings that the name of the business will be continued by the primary name and the family name of the proprietor of the business or an accomplice. For this situation, it isn't necessitated that the name of the business ought to be enlisted with ASIC. Along these lines if the proprietor of the organizations David Smith, and the name of the business will be David Smith vehicle wash, it isn't important that the name ought to be enrolled. Then again, if the name of the organizations David's Bergers, it is basic that it ought to be enrolled with ASIC. The eatery business is likewise required to follow the property law and the assessment law. For this situation, the café exchange needs to consent to the arrangements of GST and PAYG. Another pertinent issue is that the café business is being led as a sole dealer/organization, it is noteworthy that the gatherings ought to make a composed agreement, before it gets employable and starts making money related duties. The consistence of property law is additionally important for this situation (Hinchy and Mcdermott, 2007). For instance, the family will be running the eatery as indicated by the Retail Shop Lease Act, 1994 and subsequently, the prerequisites that have been endorsed by this enactment ought to be agreed to. It is additionally essential that before marking the rent by the gatherings, they ought to appropriately comprehend the terms and states of the rent. Along these lines, the gatherings will get mindful of the commitments that have been forced on them by the rent. Thus if an independent venture is being finished by the gatherings, certain different prerequisites might be endorsed by the property law. For instance, limitations may have been put by the neighborhood board on the quantity of people that can work at the premises. Along these lines, the eatery proprietors ought to know about the prerequisites that have been endorsed by the property law. The security of licensed innovation is another field of consistence that is significant for the gatherings for this situation. They should put forth attempts to secure their protected innovation and this will permit lawful privilege to the family over their licensed innovation. So as to ensure the licensed innovation related with the café business, the family can utilize trademarks, plans and licenses. It is additionally significant that the business normally surveys and at whatever point required, reestablishes the security of its licensed innovation. For instance, it has been given by the protected innovation law that the trademark should be reestablished after the time of 10 years. Anyway it is fitting that the protected innovation law specialists ought to be counseled in light of the fact that it is an intricate issue. Customer assurance enactment additionally significantly affects the café business in this manner the fields of consistence likewise incorporate the shopper insurance enactment (Bank of NSW v The Commonwealth., 1948). In such manner the important enactment is Australian Consumer Law that is a piece of Competition and Consumer Act, 2010. The ACL gives an across the country law and it has been instituted instead of the Trade Practices Act, 1974. Be that as it may, this enactment has been supplanted by the new Australian Consumer Law. The ACL is appropriate in all States and Territories of Australia and along these lines it gives similar rights to the shoppers all through Australia. Similarly, similar commitments have been forced on the organizations with respect to customer assurance in Australia. A portion of the primary highlights of the ACL is that the uncalled for exchange rehearses have been restricted by it. The ACL were additionally gives the general standard that must be traile d by the organizations. Similarly, the organizations to shopper exchanges are directed by the ACL and simultaneously, legal certifications have likewise been given by the ACL to the purchasers (Tomasic and Bottomely, 1995). The legal assurances can't be rejected by the gatherings with the assistance of the particulars of the agreement. The ACL additionally contains the arrangements related with the security of the items and administrations that are given by the organizations. Because of the critical arrangements related with him to assurance and furthermore considering the punishments and orders that are appropriate under the ACL, it is significant that the organizations mindful of its commitments related shopper insurances that have been endorsed by the ACL. For this situation, the family needs to name the business as the Great Catch! As for this situation, the eatery won't be named after the name of the last name of its proprietors, it is necessitated that this name ought to be enlisted. Along these lines, the family that possesses the eatery business in Sydney, is likewise required to consider the other lawful necessities that may apply. On the off chance that the family neglects to follow the lawful necessities that are material for this situation, they may need to take care of genuine punishments. It has been plainly settled in the current research that there are a few laws and guidelines that apply to the eatery business. References Vickery R. furthermore, Flood, M. A., 2009, Australian Business Law: Compliance and Practice, Pearson Education Australia Hinchy R. furthermore, Mcdermott, P. 2007, Fundamental organization enactment, altered, Sir Gordon Borrie, QC, LLM Commercial law sixth release Tomasic R. furthermore, Bottomely, S 1995, Corporations Law in Australia, Australia: The Federation Press.

Managing Weight Gain and Stress After You Quit Smoking

Managing Weight Gain and Stress After You Quit Smoking Addiction Nicotine Use How to Quit Smoking Print Quit Lessons - Stress Management and Weight Control Quit Smoking 101 - Lesson 8 By Terry Martin facebook twitter Terry Martin quit smoking after 26 years and is now an advocate for those seeking freedom from nicotine addiction. Learn about our editorial policy Terry Martin Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Sanja Jelic, MD on August 05, 2016 Sanja Jelic, MD, is board-certified in sleep medicine, critical care medicine, pulmonary disease, and internal medicine.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Sanja Jelic, MD Updated on February 06, 2018 Peter Dazeley/Photographers Choice/Getty Images More in Addiction Nicotine Use How to Quit Smoking After You Quit Nicotine Withdrawal Smoking-Related Diseases The Inside of Cigarettes Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery Two of the most common issues ex-smokers deal with as a result of smoking cessation involve stress and food. We have to learn how to manage stress smoke-free, and if possible, avoid the much dreaded weight gain that often comes with quitting tobacco. Smoking Cessation and Stress Smokers have a long history of dealing with stress by lighting up. Over the years we learn to block difficult emotions and encounters by hiding behind a wall of smoke. In fact, stress (and anger) is probably the biggest trigger to light up that smokers have. When we quit smoking, coping with stress is pretty uncomfortable for just about everyone, at least initially. Weight Gain When We Quit Smoking While they often do go hand-in-hand, weight gain when you quit smoking is not a given. Temporary changes in metabolism can cause a small upward shift on the scale of 5 to 8 pounds, but as long as you are eating as you were before, this weight should fall back off within a few months. The trick is in keeping your eating habits under control when you quit, because for most of us, food is a common substitute for the hand-to-mouth action of smoking that we are missing. Todays lesson will give you tips on how to overcome these challenges, along with comments from other ex-smokers who have found creative ways to keep their weight under control while quitting tobacco. Dont let temporary discomforts associated with recovery from nicotine addiction throw you off-balance. Stay the course - its worth the work. Managing Stress Smoke-Free Smoking Cessation and StressWhile quitting tobacco allows us to better deal with stress in the long run, initially, smoking cessation causes additional stress. Be ready for it and youll minimize the effects. 10 Tips to Help You Cope With Stress Smoke-FreePut these suggestions in your toolbox and pull them out the next time stress makes you want to light up. Deep Breathing for Nicotine WithdrawalCravings to smoke usually come on forcefully and drop off within 3 to 5 minutes. Deep breathing will help you weather them more easily. Avoiding Weight Gain When You Quit Smoking Smoking Cessation and Weight Gain FAQsWhy do people gain weight when they quit smoking? Will weight gain hurt my health? Why do I want to snack so much? Will quit smoking aids help me gain less weight? What else can I do to minimize weight gain?   What Smoking Does to Your MetabolismCigarette smoking increases metabolic rate by forcing the heart to beat faster.  Not a healthy way to speed up metabolism. 10 Ways You Can Avoid Weight Gain When You Stop SmokingUse these 10 tips to help you minimize (or avoid altogether) the weight gain that often follows smoking cessation. Since Quitting, All I Want to Do is SnackAn increased desire to snack is common when we quit smoking, but why does it happen and what can we do to avoid gaining weight? Smoking Cessation and Weight Gain/Loss -- Personal Stories Dont Let Weight Gain Derail Your Quit ProgramFrom Maia: Quitting smoking will create such amazing changes in the rest of your life. It is not always an easy path, but it is SO worth it. The ChubsterYes, she gained some weight when she quit smoking, but with humor and candor, Leslie details the benefits of her new smoke-free life.

Characteristics of Shakespeares History Plays

Many of Shakespeare’s plays have historical elements, but only certain plays are categorized as true Shakespeare histories. Works like Macbeth and Hamlet, for example, are historical in setting but are more correctly classified as Shakespearean tragedies. The same is true for the Roman plays (Julius Caesar, Antony and Cleopatra, and Coriolanus), which all recall historical sources but are not technically history plays. So, if many plays seem historical but only a few truly are, what makes a Shakespeare history? Sources of Shakespeares History Plays Shakespeare pulled inspiration for his plays from a number of sources, but most of the English history plays are based on Raphael Holinsheds Chronicles. Shakespeare was known for borrowing heavily from earlier writers, and he was not alone in this. Holinsheds works, published in 1577 and 1587, were key references for Shakespeare and his contemporaries, including Christopher Marlowe. Were Shakespeares Histories Accurate? Not exactly. Even though they were a great inspiration for Shakespeare, Holinsheds works were not particularly historically accurate; instead, they are considered mostly fictional works of entertainment. However, this is only part of the reason why you shouldnt use Henry VIII to study for your history test. In writing the history plays, Shakespeare was not attempting to render an accurate picture of the past. Rather, he was writing for the entertainment of his theater audience and therefore molded historical events to suit their interests. If produced in the modern-day, Shakespeares (and Holinsheds) writings would probably be described as based on historical events with a disclaimer that they were edited for dramatic purposes. Common Features of the Shakespeare Histories The Shakespeare histories share a number of things in common. First, most are set in times of medieval English history. The Shakespeare histories dramatize the Hundred Years War with France, giving us the Henry Tetralogy, Richard II, Richard III, and King John—many of which feature the same characters at different ages. Second, in all his histories, Shakespeare provides social commentary through his characters and plots. Really, the history plays say more about Shakespeare’s own time than the medieval society in which they are set. For example, Shakespeare cast King Henry V as an everyman hero to exploit the growing sense of patriotism in England. Yet, his depiction of this character is not necessarily historically accurate. Theres not much evidence that Henry V had the rebellious youth that Shakespeare depicts, but the Bard wrote him that way to make his desired commentary. Social Class in Shakespeares  Histories Despite seeming to focus on the nobility, Shakespeares history plays often offer a view of society that cuts right across the class system. They present us with all kinds of characters, from lowly beggars to members of the monarchy, and it is not uncommon for characters from both ends of the social strata to play scenes together. Most memorable is Henry V and Falstaff, who turns up in a number of the history plays. What Are Shakespeares History Plays? Shakespeare wrote 10 histories. While these plays are distinct in subject matter, they are not in style. Unlike other plays than can be categorized into genres, the histories all provide an equal measure of tragedy and comedy. The 10 plays classified as histories are as follows: Henry IV, Part IHenry IV, Part IIHenry VHenry VI, Part IHenry VI, Part IIHenry VI, Part IIIHenry VIIIKing JohnRichard IIRichard III

The Human Relations Movement Of George Elton Mayo - 949 Words

Managers throughout history have been interested in studying ways to increase productivity. For example, Frederick Taylor began the movement of scientific management in the 1880’s. Scientific management looked to improve productivity through means of scientific analysis of worker’s tasks and work processes rather than the old â€Å"rule of thumb† (Taylor, 1914). Taylor believed that he could maximize worker efficiency and productivity through focusing on workers specific hand motions and patterns. After this period, beginning in about the 1930’s, managers looked to take productivity to yet another level by studying worker physiology and motivation. This new movement came to be known as the human relations movement. George Elton Mayo is credited with founding the human relations movement. Mayo conducted an experiment in the 1920’s and 1930’s know as the Hawthorne study. Two of the main aspects of the study centered around illumination in the work place and varying levels of break time and work hours (Wickstrà ¶m, 2000). The illumination study consisted of four different experiments over the course of three years. In each experiement, there was a control group and a study group. In the varying studies, the researchers experimented with varying levels of light and varying sequences of increasing and decreasing the level of light (â€Å"Hawthorne effect†). Throughout the experiments, researchers would often find patterns of increased productivity, leading them to believe that they hadShow MoreRelatedHuman Problems Of An Industrialized Civilization1460 Words   |  6 PagesElton Mayo was born in South Australia in 1880 and passed away in Guildford, Surrey in 1949. Elton was oriented to follow medicine but finally be a writer. He attained Bachelor degree with great honor, specializing philosophy and psychology and after that was granted Master degree by honor from University of Queensland. He used to play a role as a researcher and a psychologist as well on the committee serving the war at his university. Mayo dedicated a huge contribution to establishing the foundationRead MoreHuman Relation1698 Words   |  7 PagesHuman Relations Theory Introduction The Human Relations Theory of organization came in to existence in 1930s as a reaction to the classical approach to organizational analysis. This is because the classical theorists neglected the human factor in the organization. The Classical theorists took a mechanical view of organization and underemphasized the sociopsychological aspects of individual’s behaviour in organization. It is this critical failure of the classical theory that gave birth to the humanRead MoreAbraham Maslow s Life And Accomplishments1639 Words   |  7 PagesAbraham, his study of dominance and sexuality that was done with monkeys. In 1935 Maslow moved to Columbia University to work with Edward Thorndike. While working with Thorndike he was researching human sexuality. Maslow went to Brooklyn College in 1937 and was there to teach and continuing with his study of human sexuality for the next fourteen years. In 1947, he had had a heart attack, this lead him to leaving teaching and studying to recover . Abraham’s health returned in 1951, from 1951 to 1968 he wasRead MoreHistory of Management Thought - Elton Mayo1620 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION This essay covers the life and key contributions of Elton Mayo, a renowned figure in management science, and how his theories have made a significant impact in management today. BIOGRAPHY OF GEORGE ELTON MAYO George Elton Mayo was born in Adelaide, Australia on 26th December 1880. Under heavy family influence, Mayo embarked on a course in medicine. However, he failed an examination which ended his chances of having a medical career. He went on to study philosophy and psychology at TheRead MoreClassical and Neo Classical Theories1300 Words   |  6 Pagestheories: Human Relations theory : Explains the modern advancement of Human Relations Management theory which takes into account human factors like the employer-employee relationship. Human relations theory is largely seen to have been born as a result of the Hawthorne experiments which Elton Mayo conducted at the Western Electrical Company. The important strand in the development of modern management was the increase in attention to the human factors, which has become known as the human relationsRead MoreCompare and Contrast Mayo with Taylor2312 Words   |  10 PagesSCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT THOUGHT (TAYLOR et al) WITH THOSE OF THE HUAMAN RELTIONS MOVEMENT (MAYO et al) WITH REGARD TO PEOPLE AT WORK. Frederick Winslow Taylor also known as F.W.Taylor and George Elton Mayo have given some important definitions to the management work in the past. F.W.Taylor the Father of Scientific Management opposed the rule of thumb and said that there is only ‘one best way of doing work’ where as Elton Mayo proposed that the importance of groups affects the behaviour of individualsRead MoreHistorical Development and Evolution of Management.996 Words   |  4 Pages. EARLY MANAGEMENT AND THE STUDY OF MANAGEMENT. Although great feats of human achievement such as the Egyptian pyramids, the Great Wall of China, the Colosseum in Rome and the Taj Mahal in India all bear testimony to skilled management in ancient times, the formal study of management only began late in the 19th century. The main driving force behind this development of management as a science was the transition from 19th century â€Å"entrepreneurial capitalism† to early 20th century â€Å"managerialRead MoreThe Theories Of The Scientific Management Theory1047 Words   |  5 Pagessome of the more popular management theories including the Scientific Management Theory by Frederick W. Taylor, Administrative Management Theory by Henri Fayol, Bureaucratic Management Theory by Max Weber, The Hawthorne Studies Human Relations Management Theory by Elton Mayo, the Management Science Theory, and the Organization Environment Theory of Open-Systems developed by Daniel Katz, Robert Kahn, and James Thompson. Scientific Management Theory Considered the father of management thought, FrederickRead MoreThe Implication of Hawthorne Study in 21st Century4408 Words   |  18 Pagesconflict, apathy, boredom, and wasted human resources. These concerns lead a number of researchers to examine the discrepancy between how an organisation was supposed to work versus how the workers actually behaved. In addition, factors like World War I, developments in psychology (e.g. Freud) and later the depression, all brought into question some of the basic assumptions of the Scientific Management School. One of the primary critics of the time, Elton Mayo, claimed that this ‘alienation’ stemmedRead MoreAre scientific management and human relations approaches still applicable to organisations of the 21st century?5670 Words   |  23 Pagesï » ¿ INTERGRATED BUSINESS Phase 3 Assignment Individual Essay Scientific Management and Human Relations Theory Lecturers : Ms.Nguyen Thu Thuy (Assoc.Prof.Dr) Mr.Hoang Anh Duy (MBA) Student name: Duong Viet Hoang Class: FB5B Student ID: 1205012124 Hanoi, March 2014 Table of content I. Introduction 1. Scientific management I.1 Definition

The Corporate Culture Between the Public and the Private Sectors Free Essays

The foundations to organize company’s personnel are different between the public and the private sectors. These may also be different from one country to another or from one company to another according to the organization, the context of evolution and its environment. And from these foundations and values that are shared by all staff, a corporate culture is set. We will write a custom essay sample on The Corporate Culture Between the Public and the Private Sectors or any similar topic only for you Order Now The corporate culture is a key variable to explain the daily life and strategic choices made by a social group. The corporate culture is in a sense, a product of national culture and therefore a set of values and signs shared by the majority of employees. Seen from the outside, all companies in a country are alike: workshops, warehouses, offices, constant movements of people and goods. Yet a detailed examination shows that no company is comparable to another, especially between public sector and private one, On the one hand there are for example statutes, recruitment through entrance exams and the automatic nature of salaries, and while on the other hand, there are for instance labour laws, individual goals expressed through contracts and the freedom to set pay scales, so each has its own personality, has a unique identity and image. This personality is forged around five themes: the status, recruitment, remuneration, the mindset of management and the environment in which the firm operates. One can see for example between a public sector company â€Å"assurance maladie† and a private company â€Å"axa†. Both operate in the same category of activity,  «assurance maladie † staff does not enjoy equal reassuring status than â€Å"axa† staff, the civil servant status is more securing than employee status. Even their recruitment are not the same, in the public sector recruitment is often done by concours what is not the case in the private sector. Another deference between the two sectors is shown in the system of remuneration, the latter is fixed by the state according to a pay scale with † assurance maladie † while in â€Å"axa† is set based on skills and level of responsibility added to motivations by objective system that is not the case in the private sector. The personality of a company also reflects the personality f its leaders, at â€Å"axa†, it is CEO who has a strong influence on the culture that the company wants to pass through goal setting and strategy of development. In assurance maladie even if it is managed by the state, each individual seeks to satisfy his need to belong without being dependent on the culture instilled by the state. In addition the public status of â€Å"assurance maladie † requires that it must be transparent about it s economic, financial or social situation which is not always the case with private businesses as â€Å"axa†. This lack of transparency oblige private company to suggest a human resources strategy that will seek to reconcile the interests of the company and the employees for a social peace, in order to show workers that they have an important place and an opportunity of promotion so they keep their motivation. The corporate culture is like a collection of complexes allowing each individual to identify with their organization. Facing an unstable environment and increasingly complex, firms seek to boost their human potential. The corporate culture seems to be a response to develop this potential. But we can still consider the fate of these concerns. The corporate culture, as strong as it is not eternal. Indeed the downsizing imposed to â€Å"axa† staff caused a sharp questioning of the culture because â€Å"axa† is shown as Paternalist Company that assured lifetime employment and high wages. If there there ‘s deference between â€Å"axa† corporate culture and † assurance maladie † culture is that it is also due to the model on which both businesses based, on one side â€Å"axa† being a private company that seeks to generate benefits inherited the U. S. management , in the other side model so that † assurance maladie † it follows the French model. The logical functional of American corporate culture is based on earnings so its organization is perceived primarily as a system of tasks, functions to perform and goals to achieve while in the business culture in France, the organization is designed primarily as a social system involving a community of people. How to cite The Corporate Culture Between the Public and the Private Sectors, Papers

Banking System and Macroeconomic Effects †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Banking System and Macroeconomic Effects. Answer: Introduction: Crypto currencies are forms of digital currency. These currencies use encryption techniques in order to regulate the generation of currency units. Bitcoin is one such crypto currency. Crypto currency is not yet considered as a legal tender in most countries. In fact, at present most of the central banks of the world are putting efforts to ban the trade of crypto currencies. Over the last few years, certain crypto currencies like Bitcoin have garnered immense attention from across different traders owing to their volatile nature. Bitcoin was introduced in the year 2009. The currency is traded without a middleman and with zero bank involvement. It is a peer to peer network through which this currency is traded and transactions are made directly to the parties. Bit coin can be used to trade in goods and services, some use it as a form of investment and some are using it for making payment of businesses (Popper, N., 2015). However, most countries have yet not accepted it as a legal payme nt methodology. It is similar to digital cash transaction as Bitcoin can also be sent through mobile applications and computers. Bitcoin is stored in a digital wallet. These wallets are used as a virtual bank account that allows users to save, send and receive their payments. These wallets are not recognised by the FDIC as methods of paying for goods or services. Bitcoin works as a medium of exchange for goods and services in four countries at the moment which are Japan, Canada, Germany and Holland. Bitcoin is considered to be a form of currency as it can be stored for future investments (Forrester and Solomon, 2013). Bitcoin investment of an individual can also reflect upon the purchasing power of consumer. Consumer have the option to buy the currency, hold it in their accounts or book profits as they deem profitable depending upon the volatility in the market (Bit coin, 2018). Merchants who accept Bit coin as a payment can convert it into standard currency that is in Dollars, Euros etc. Bitcoin has some advantages as it introduces a new payment mechanism; tipping system, automated payment solution, time locked payment management, public asset tracking, low trust escrow services, micro payment channels and more such facilities (Bit coin, 2018). Another advantage of Bitcoin is that its high volatility in the currency market makes it a high risk and high return asset. Exposure to Bitcoin currency leads to various scams and frauds in the economy. It does not have any standardised value for refunds. Bitcoin does not have a fixed value and the high volatility of the currency only makes it more susceptible to fluctuations. This breeds corruption and leads to frauds within economies. Values of Bit coin fluctuate very frequently making it difficult for people to use it as a medium of exchange. If a particular product is bought or sold in return for Bitcoin then it is impossible to get a fair deal to complete the transaction in the future. According to the central bank reviews, laundering of money is done secretly from the country using Bitcoin. Since Bitcoin is not considered to be a safe asset to deal in, various governments are not allowing investment in these types of crypto currencies. Bitcoin is extremely difficult to convert into a physical form of currency. At present conversion of Bitcoin to other currency does not happen in real time. Moreover, unlike other currencies, Bitcoin does not give its owners the convenience of withdrawing equivalent money from debit/credit cards or cheques. The use of Bitcoin has been banned by the government authorities in many countries and trade of the same is considered to be an illegal activity in nature. There is no defined regulatory body for operating the workings of these privately provided digital currencies so there is no supervision over the activities performed in these currencies. Investors have analysed a high risk involved with trading or dealing in Bitcoin making it a high risk investment. There is no particular market for these kinds of currencies. This lack of organised market for crypto currencies make them less trustworthy as compared to other assets. Crypto currency is operating in an informal way and this makes it difficult for investors to consider it a safe haven. The chances of fraud are much higher as there is no way to track this currency. Every individual can trade the currency using a public username. Extreme high volatility of the Bitcoin makes it impossible to use as a medium of exchange since it will never be possible to determine to the true value of exchange. Pegging any currency against the dollar refers to the act of fixing the currency value with respect to the value of Dollar. In other words we can say that the value of US dollar against the other currency is fixed and will not move irrespective of how the market functions. The process of pegging currency with US dollar is often conducted in oil extracting countries as US is the largest importer of oil. GCC economies are the third largest economy. The growth of this economy is highly dependent on selling oil (The Economist, 2018). By pegging the GCC against Dollar has several advantages and disadvantages. Elimination of currency fluctuations: Pegging of currency eliminates the risk of currency fluctuations and the risks associated with it. This provides stability to the currency in the international currency market. Pegging encourages the regional currency valuation as the dollar is considered to be the standard currency and by pegging with dollar, currency of other country does not fluctuate (Brooking, 2018). In countries like Saudi Arabia and Venezuela pegging with US dollar has been done in order to protect the countries from the risk of currency fluctuations because US is the major importer for oil. Various countries opt for pegging in order to increase external trade in the country. As external trade increases, the GDP of the country also increases. When pegging of a currency is done to a higher value currency then the value of the country enhances in the public opinion making it an attractive destination to invest. Therefore investment becomes easier in that country. This process also protect country from speculation Pegging also gives freedom to set rules and economic policies, interest rates and help to control inflation in the country. Therefore countries must peg their currencies to dollar in order to limit their risks. If a country currency is pegged with the US dollar then the country can take more loan as it will have a more stable environment and economy. Pegging also helps in getting better deals for international loans and interest rates provided the economys inflation is in control. The loan taken in the dollar value is harder to pay off because dollar has the high value as compared to the other currency. Therefore in the longer run, pegging would result in rising cost of capital and increased import prices (Espinoza and Prasad, 2010). Maintenance of USD reserves: The country which pegs its currency with the USD has to maintain a high reserve of dollars. It means central bank of that country has to hold a high amount of reserves in US dollars (Financial Times, 2018). Holding of foreign currency reserve (dollar) indulges a cost which adversely affects the economy. Pegging also leads to an increase in inflation. Growth and development of a country is dependent on the performance of dollar. Monetary policies are restricted in every country and are wholly dependent on the performance of the currency to which the currency is pegged. Similarly in the case of US dollar and countries pegged with it, it means that if the value of US dollar falls the currency of other country will also fall and vice versa. GCC countries whose currencies are pegged with dollar are now being forced to increase their interest rates mirroring the US interest rate increase. This is because once the currency is pegged to the dollar, monetary policies are decided by the action of Fed rather than the economys own needs. High interest rate means cost of borrowings on (debt, loans and so on) government, businesses and consumers will become more costly or expensive (The National, 2018). Tighter monetary policy will lead to low investment and saving in the economy. This is the reason countries do not prefer to peg their currency to dollar. This will ultimately hamper the macro and micro factors of economy. Nowadays countries prefer the flexible exchange rates rather than peg a currency with US dollar to know the real economic deviations in the countrys oil prices and other things (Tanha, and Dempsey, 2017). Pegging of currency damages the economy, trade, and lowers real income groups within the country in the longer run. Moreover, structural changes occur in the economy are not directly reflected through the pegging of currency. References: Bitcoin, 2018. Bit coin for developers. [Online]. Available at: https://Bit coin.org/en/Bit coin-for-developers [ACCESSED ON 30th march 2018] Bitcoin, 2018. Bit coin for individual. [Online]. Available at: https://Bit coin.org/en/Bit coin-for-individuals. [ACCESSED ON 30th march 2018] Brooking, (2018). Sustaining the GCC currency pegs: The need for collaboration. [Online]. Available at: https://www.brookings.edu/research/sustaining-the-gcc-currency-pegs-the-need-for-collaboration/. [ACCESSED ON 31th march 2018] Espinoza, R.A. and Prasad, A., 2010.Nonperforming loans in the GCC banking system and their macroeconomic effects (No. 10-224). International Monetary Fund. Financial Times, 2018. Gulfs dollar peg makes sense. [Online]. Available at: https://www.eiu.com/industry/article/1725886356/will-the-gulf-co-operation-council-currency-pegs-survive/2017-09-13. [ACCESSED ON 31th march 2018] Forrester, D. and Solomon, M., 2013.Bitcoin explained: Today's complete guide to tomorrow's currency. CreateSpace Independent publishing platform. Popper, N., 2015.Digital gold: Bitcoin and the inside story of the misfits and millionaires trying to reinvent money(pp. 156-197). New York: Harper. Tanha, H. and Dempsey, M., 2017. Derivatives usage in emerging markets following the GFC: Evidence from the GCC countries.Emerging Markets Finance and Trade,53(1), pp.170-179. The Economist, 2018. Financial Services. [Online]. Available at: https://www.eiu.com/industry/article/1725886356/will-the-gulf-co-operation-council-currency-pegs-survive/2017-09-13. [ACCESSED ON 30th march 2018]. The National, 2018. Why GCC states should ditch the dollar peg and switch to a currency basket. [Online]. Available at: https://www.thenational.ae/business/economy/why-gcc-states-should-ditch-the-dollar-peg-and-switch-to-a-currency-basket-1.700668. [ACCESSED ON 31th march 2018]

Banana Peel Biscuit free essay sample

TASTE THE CHANGE YOUNG INDUSTRIES PRESENT’S-CALORIE FREE BISCUIT By Ratnesh Kumar Dubey Md. Afsar Shadab Vikash Kumar Sriprashanta Bhat 2010 Tables of Contents 1. Executive summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.. 03 2. General company description 2. 1 The team†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦. 04 2. 2 Mission statement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦04 2. 3 Company goal and Objective†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦.. 04 3. Product profile 3. 1 Description†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦05 3. 2 Key ingredients and proportion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦05 3. Competitive advantage†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦ .. 05 3. 4 Pricing of biscuit†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 07 4. Marketing 4. 1 Market segment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 07 4. 2 Promotional activities†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 08 4. 3 Retailers flexibility†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 09 4. 4 Distributors flexibility†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.. 10 4. 5 Unique selling proposition†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10 4. 6 Distribution network†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 10 4. 7 Cost involved in advertising†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 12 4. Product from customer point of view†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦. 13 4. 9 Customers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 4. 10 Competitor analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 14 4. 11 SWOT analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 14 1 5. Operation plan 5. 1 Production process†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦. 15 5. 1. 1 5. 1. 2 5. 1. 3 5. 1. 4 preparation of banana peel powder†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 15 Manufacturing of biscuit†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦. 16 Quality control†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦ †¦16 Product development†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . 16 5. 2 Location†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦. 17 5. 3 legal requirement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦. †¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦17 5. 4 personnel†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 17 5. 5 capacity planning†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 17 5. 5. 1 5. 5. 2 5. 5. 3 5. 5. 4 First quarter planning†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦17 Raw material requirement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦.. 18 Supllier†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. â € ¦18 Credit policies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦19 6. Management and organization 6. 1 Organizations chart†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 0 6. 2 communication channel†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦20 6. 3 bankers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 21 7. Financial plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦.. 21 8. Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 25 2 1. Executive Summary Annual production of banana in world is about 100 million tons. The important banana growing states in India are Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Bihar and Gujarat. Among them Tamilnadu is the largest cultivators of banana (92200 hectares) followed by Maharashtra. We will write a custom essay sample on Banana Peel Biscuit or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Tamilnadu produces about 55 metric tonnes per hectare and these bananas are used in various food industries like ice-cream industries, fermentation industries etc. but these industries uses banana pulp and banana peel is a waste product for them. It has been estimated that 20000 tones banana peel are discarded annually in Asia from food processing plants, posing serious environmental problems. So taking all the points in mind our company has decided to make use of these waste banana peels. As banana peels contains 14. 6% glucose 56% sucrose. So it’s having low glucose contained in other hand banana peels also have certain medicinal properties like anti-fungal and antibiotic. Due to above properties of banana peel we are using banana peel powder along with normal ingredients in manufacturing of low calorie biscuits. Study shows that biscuits made from 20% addition of banana peel powder instead of flour and sugar does not have any change in the taste and texture. Thus the idea of using peel pulp in biscuits production is explored. We are planning to make low calorie biscuits by using banana peel pulp and it will add following properties to the biscuits: A. Calories in forms of fats are reduced B. Fibre content increases C. No appreciable change occurs in other food values D. The cost of raw materials of biscuits drop down E. Many other medicinal properties are integrated Others similar products are also available in market and all are claiming their biscuits sugar free but in real means they are not sugar free because the flour itself is a good source of calories but our product will have about 20 % less of sugar content as compared to the existing products. Our plan is to produce about 1200 tonnes of biscuit in first year and then will increase the production in coming years. In first and second year we will create the demand for our product and in third year we will be increasing our production capacity. In first year we will generate around 3200040 US $ and our net profit will be around 271794 US $. 3 We will be reaching break even in first year (second Quarter). Our company will generate the demand of our product by aggressive advertisement and other promotional activities. In future years we will diversify our business and it will be supported by our R D which will come up with some new products. 2. General Company Description 2. 1 The team The team is made up of a complementary and complete team with ommitment, passion, and skill set that this company needs to flourish. Managing Director:Sriprashantha Bhat: B. Tech (Mechanical), PGDM Production, Quality control and R D manager:Ratnesh Kumar Dubey: B. Tech (Industrial biotechnology), PGDM Marketing manager, advertisement, media, PR Vikash Kumar: B. Tech (Industrial biotechnology), PGDM Director o f Legal, IP and strategies, Finance Md. Afsar Shadab: B Sc (Zoology), PGDM 2. 2 Mission statement â€Å"Re- engineers the food resources to get maximum benefit â€Å" Major Global challenges are to meet the increasing demand with increasing population and environmental pollution control. All the countries across the globe had these common problems. Our company is going to upgrade the quality of food in society by re-engineering of existing resources and reduce environmental pollution by utilizing the waste which is a cause of environmental problems. 2. 3 Company goal and objective Our company goal is to be a market leader in the re-engineered food products and our objective is to provide quality healthy products to our customers and to give maximum benefits to our stake holders. 4 3. Product profile 3. 1 Description Type of Product: â€Å"Low Calorie Biscuits† Name of product: â€Å"Bana-lite† Our company is planning producing a low calorie biscuit and we will be mainly using banana peel powder instead of flour (20% replacement of flour with banana peel powder) and sucralose(approved by FDI) is used as sweetening agent instead of sugar. These both factor will reduce the calories in biscuit and our product will have 20% lesser sugar content as compared to other available low calorie biscuit. 3. 2 Key Ingredients Proportion:- Ingredients Proportion(per100gms) 12. 09 55. 22 14. 54 0. 05 10. 9 0. 03 5. 27 0. 9 Banana Peel powder Maida flour Vegetable oil sucralose Baking powder Chemical additives Salt Milk Powder 3. 3 Competitive advantage Low calorie and high fibre: Our product Bana Lite will be a low calorie product since we are replacing 20% of the flour by banana peel powder. This replacement will lead to 20% decrease in calories contribution 5 which was previously added by the flour. Another added value of our product will be total replacement of sucrose (table sugar) by sucralose. Sucralose is an artificial sweetener which has 6000 times more sweetening power than sucrose. Moreover the sucralose is zero calorie products and this leads to further decrease in the calories contribution. It is stable under heat and over a broad range of pH conditions. Therefore, it can be used in baking products and will help in a longer shelf life. Fibre is an important for the proper bowel movement as they contribute to roughage in the food diet. Our product bana lite is high fibre food. The peels of banana contain a high proportion of plant fibre which will prove very beneficial for the person suffering from constipation. Added fibre will make the product suitable for everyone whether they are children, adults or older people. Medicinal properties Banana peel contains anti-oxidants and anti microbial properties. As such the product will be very good for health as it has many medicinal properties. If we compare the benefits which our product is providing to the consumers to other product in the market we have a competitive advantage. Same taste Research shows that replacement of flour with banana peel powder does not change the taste of the biscuit. To make it sure we prepared our product Bana Lite in a local bakery and compared it with other types of product in the market. We found no significant change is taste. Thus rejection of the product by the consumers on the reason of different taste will be averted. Low cost The cost of production of Bana Lite is very low when compared with other low calories biscuits. Presently in Indian market the major players in low calorie biscuit are Britannia, Parle and ITC. But the cost of production is much low than theirs. As such the profit margin will be high for us. Economics and forecast The Indian market holds enormous growth potential for snack food, which is estimated to be worth US$ 3 billion, with the branded snack market estimated to be around US$ 1. 34 billion, growing at 15-20 per cent a year. While the growth rate of the US$ 1. 56 billion unorganised sector is 7-8 per cent. 6 The food processing industry is presently growing at 14 per cent against 6-7 per cent growth in 2003-04. The industry received foreign direct investments (FDI) totalling US$ 143. 80 million in 2007-08 against US$ 5. 70 million in the previous fiscal. The cumulative FDI received by the industry from April 2000August 2009 stood at US$ 878. 32 million. However, India’s share in exports of processed food in global trade is only 1. 5 per cent; whereas the size of the global processed-food market is estimated at US$ 3. trillion and nearly 80 per cent of agricultural products in the developed countries get processed and packaged In order to further grow the food processing industry, the government has formulated a Vision-2015 action plan under which specific targets have been set. This includes tripling the size of the food processing industry from around US$ 70 billion to about US$ 210 billion, rais ing the level of processing of perishables from 6 per cent to 20 per cent, increasing value addition from 20 per cent to 35 per cent, and enhancing India’s share in global food trade from 1. 5 per cent to 3 per cent. This would require an investment of US$ 20. 6 billion. According to an Ernst and Young (EY) presentation, the food processing industry in India will grow 3040 per cent as against the present 15 per cent in the next 10-years. Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh on October 6, 2009 laid out a blueprint for rapid growth in the country’s food processing sector. The Prime Minister said that this can be achieved by simplifying the tax structure, formulating a National Food Processing Policy and improving rural infrastructure. Thus we see that there is great future ahead, and in order to meet the future demand we are committed to grab the market. . 4 Pricing of biscuit Price of our biscuits will be 0. 27 Cents per 100 gm packet. 4. MARKETING 4. 1 Market segment According to the utility of our product we can divide our customers mainly in four different segments. Each of these segments has their own specific need for this product and our product is capable enough to 7 meet the needs of ea ch segment efficiently. Proportion of diabetic patient in the market will determine a major market segment. Market segments are following 1. Large Diabetic population 2. General population 3. General patient as prescribed food supplement by doctors 4. Children 1. Large diabetic population: The total number of diabetic patient in India is more than 30 million. From the recent survey it has been observed that there is been exponential increase in the number of diabetic patients in India. No of increasing diabetic children is another serious problem in India, many children from age group 8 to 12 is reported as diabetic. So we are targeting the diabetic patient of all age groups. 2. General population : After replacing flour by peel powder and sugar by sucralose the taste and texture of our biscuit will remain same as other biscuit in the market . o we can target the general population (common man) to market our product. 3. General patient’s: Doctor‘s for generally prescribe food precaution’s for general patients. In the diseased condition the digestive system of patient does not support digestion of many food items that we generally take in day to day life. so we can prompt our low calorie biscuit to be consumed b y these patients by convincing doctors to prescribe our product as a food supplement as it contain high roughage content. 4. Children: Children consume biscuit’s in large amount. According to Indian tradition here people are very conscious choosy in selecting food for heir children. They would prefer to use our biscuit because it’s having added advantage of nutrition and disease resistant ingredients. 4. 2 Promotional activities 8 Being a small and new company we are mainly focusing on cheap and effective means of promotional activities. We can achieve it easily by targeting our customers on the basis of market segment. So we are here with different promotional activities to attract all our customers towards our product. 1. Display chart in all health care centres, medical stores and general provisional stores. Chart includes all the benefits and detailed information about the product. This will help in spreading awareness of the product. 2. Use of canopy – canopy can be used in government and private hospital, public places to promote our product. All the information regarding benefits of this product can be delivered through canopy. As canopy is portable and mobile it would be a cheap and effective means of promotion (especially in rural areas). In rural areas there is least source of information available regarding the products in rural market where as 70 % of Indian population still resides in rural areas. . Printed hand bills can be distributed to the interested customers through canopy. 4. As the product mission and concept is unique and new we can give an article for health care column in news papers. By organising small press conference and make them aware of the utility of this product. 5. In order to reduce environmental hazards our company is utilizing waste. As it is a so cial wealth concern issue we can organise seminar and campaign with the help of NGO and social committees. This will so our presence and social concerns to the market and environment. 6. Sign board- advertisement through hoardings are very much prominent in the market but expensive too. Municipal Corporation take charges rent on the basis of per square feet and for fix duration. So we will introduce a different way for hording advertisement so that we need no to pay anything except the hording printing and fitting charges. We can make a two in one board, which will give mutual; benefit to two firms. Board will be designed in such a way that its face is divided into two portions, one of these two spaces will be occupied by our add and other will be for the concern shop where the hording will be displayed. All the expenses in printing and fitting will be provided by our company so shopkeepers will accept this type of deal voluntarily (i. e. medical stores, general provision stores, any small stores). 4. 3 Retailers flexibility On the basis of the selling capacity of the retailers we will provide the initial samples (1 cartoon=100 biscuit) on credit. Credit will be for 45 days back to back payment. 9 We will provide display stands to the distributers and the distributers will distribute these stands to retailer, who has reported a sale of 100 or more biscuit in a week. This will be added advantage for the product that it would be prominently noticed by customers and these stands would differentiate our product from other brands. 4. 4 Distributors flexibility 5 packets of biscuit will be given as free along with 1 carton biscuit. This is company’s conditional offer. 4. 5 Unique selling proposition †¢ †¢ Along with the real competitor (calorie biscuit manufacturer) we are giving competition to the normal biscuit manufacturer. Punch line of the company itself will create a question in observers mind a generate curiosity among them towards the product, so they will eager to try it once. 4. 6 Distribution network We will ensure the availability of our product to maximum stores in the market. Chennai zone:- 10 Kolkata zone:- Rural distribution †¢ †¢ Nearby urban city will be the regional reporting head office. It will fulfil all the demands and supply of the respective area. Indirect marketing will be done in rural areas. Tie-up with existing suppliers of the rural market of will enable us to distribute our product efficiently and effectively. Urban distribution †¢ †¢ †¢ One city office will be there in each city. (Chennai Kolkata) City office will be responsible to check all the activities regarding sales and distribution in that particular region. Direct marketing from the company itself will be done through our executive. 11 Sales executive will be efficient enough for the traditional marketing as well as technical marketing. Sales executives must have knowledge of regional language so that they can interact to all without any hurdle. As our sales executive has to perform multi task, he has to deal directly with retailer as well as doctors in the hospitals. 4. 7 COST INVOLVED IN ADVETISING FOR FIRST YEAR For 20 cities †¢ Advertisement charts (500 charts per city @ 0. 88 US $ per chart) Total number of chart =10000 Total price of chart=10000*0. 8 =8880 US$ †¢ Canopy (2 canopy per city @ 110 US$ per canopy) Total number of canopy=40 Total price of canopy=40*110 =4400 US$ †¢ Handbills (200000 hand bills per city @ 4US$ per 1000 hand bills) Total number of handbills=4000000 Total price of handbills=16000 US$ †¢ paper advertisement (100 paper advertisements per region @350 US$ per advertisement Total number of advertisement=200 Total expenses in paper advertisement=200*350 =70000 US$ †¢ Sign boards 500 boards of size (8 feet * 3feet) i. e. 2400 square feet per board Printing @ 0. 25US$ per sq ft = 600 US$ per board 12 Angle @ 0. 0US$/ running ft (25*500) = 1250 US$ Total sign board expense for 500 boards= 1850 US$ Total expense in 20 cities=20*1850 =37000 US$ †¢ Display stand:(1000 stands per city @ 0. 6 US$ per stand) Total number of stands=20000 Total expense in stands=20000*0. 6 =12000 US$ †¢ †¢ †¢ Television advertisement Total expense in television advertisement=75000 US$ Hoardings:Total expense in advertisement through hoardings=50000 US$ Other promotional activities =60000 US$ TOTAL ADVERTISING EXPENSES = 333280 US$ 4. 8 Product from customer point of view According to customer point of view there is lots of utility of our product for them. Features and Benefits Our major product is low calorie banana peel biscuit. Major benefits of our product to consumer are they will get a low calorie biscuit along with some medicinal properties like antimicrobial advantage. Our product can be consumed by the diabetic consumers and it will not have any harmful effect on their health. The taste and texture of our biscuit will be same as compared to other biscuits because we have used sucralose as sweetening agent which is 600 times sweeter than normal sugar and will not add any calories to biscuits. . 9 Customers Our major customer will be:Normal population 13 Diabetic consumer Children of age group above six years Calories conscious consumer 4. 10 Competitor analysis Major competitors Companies Product Market share Targeted customer (per 100 gm ) Price Advantages Britannia Marry Gold 38 % Low calories 0. 29 cents conscious population Brand image, experience in this segment Brand image, experience in this segment Brand image, experien ce in this segment Parle Digestive Marry 38 % Low calories 0. 27 cents conscious population ITC Sun Marie original feast % Light Low calories 0. 3 cents conscious population 4. 11 SWOT Analysis:A) Strengths:†¢ †¢ †¢ Cost effectiveness due to low cost of raw materials(20% of flour is replaced by banana peel powder ) Uniqueness of the Product(low calorie, high fibre biscuits along with medicinal properties) Location of production plant; as our production plant is located near Punnamallai High Road in Chennai which is well connected to major cities like Bangalore, Vellore, Cochin, Hyderabad, etc. 14 †¢ Environment friendly policies B) Weaknesses:†¢ †¢ †¢ Emerging small scale company Lack of experience No brand loyalty C) Opportunities:†¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ To gain market share in low calorie biscuits range To get some tax relaxation as we are solving the problem of waste disposal (Banana Peel). High BOP % in India. 40% of the biscuit market is unorganised. D) Threats:†¢ Major competitor as Britannia, Parle ITC 5. Operational Plan The installation of total set up of factory will be given on contract basis. The total cost for installation of plant, Land and Building will be 764554 US $. Total installation of plant will take 6 months time and production will start from 7th month onward. 5. 1. Production Process 5. 1. 1. Preparation of Banana Peel Powder 15 Figure 1 5. 1. 2. Manufacturing of Biscuits Figure 2 First of all the banana peels will be cut in to small pieces and then it is dried at 65 degree C. After that grinding of banana peel is done and at last banana peel powder is obtained. Then banana peel powder along with other normal ingredients is mixed in Dough Mixer then moulding is done. After moulding cutting punching is done and at last cut pieces are kept in oven for baking then packaging is done. 5. 1. 3 Quality control Our production unit will be well integrated with the R D department along with quality control. Our quality control department will have advance testing equipments along with specialized quality control technicians. The department will take care of each step of production and they will make sure that standards are being followed. 5. 1. 4 Product development Our company will have well stabilised R D department. Here the department will have well trained technicians and qualified scientists who will be involved in regular development of existing product to increase its utility for the consumer. As our company is concentrating on the re-engineering the available resources so that resources can be reused in a better way so our motto will be to develop our product according to need of consumer. 16 5. 2 Location We will setup our industry at Chennai, one of the major cities of India. To setup our industry we require 5 acres of land. We will construct production unit, R D department and administrative block. Our plant at Chennai will have an added advantage of its location. As Chennai belongs to Tamilnadu state and this state is highest producer of banana in India so we can easily get the banana peel here. There is lots of food processing industries in Chennai who all are using banana pulp for their products and peel is waste for them so we will get the peel very easily at a lower cost for our production. Second advantage is that is city is well connected to all major cities of India. The city is located at coastal region so the transportation can also be done by means of ships. In future we are planning to expand our market to Srilanka and other nearby countries to the location will give an added advantage for us. 5. 3 Legal requirement We will take all legal approval required for our industries like licence for setting up industry. We will register our product according to Indian food act. We take pollution clearance and other regulatory approvals run our industry. We will also file application for BIS accreditation and ISO certification. 5. Personnel Our production unit will have around 15 employees We will have 10 skilled and 35 unskilled labours for carrying out the production process as well as the loading and unloading jobs. 5. 5. Capacity Planning 5. 5. 1. First Quarter Planning Per Day Production Capacity Production per Day = 16600 kg. 17 Monthly Production Capacity Total Monthly Production = 498000 kg. Quarterly production capacity Total quarterly produc tion = 1494000 kg Same production capacity will be continued for next three quarters So Total Yearly Production will be (Q1+Q2+Q3+Q4) approx 5992000 kg. 59920000 Packets of 100 Gms) In Second Year production will be same. In third, fourth fifth year the production capacity will be approx 9000000 kg (9000 tonnes) 5. 5. 2 Raw Materials Requirements Raw Quantity (In kgs. approx) First Third Second Quarter Quarter 825000 13446 180624 750 448 78733 162846 217227 825000 13446 180624 750 448 78733 162846 217227 Fourth Quarter Annual 825000 13446 180624 750 448 78733 162846 217227 3300000 53784 722496 3000 1792 314932 651384 868908 Materials Flour Milk Powder Banana Peel Sucralose Quarter 825000 13446 180624 750 Chemical additives 448 Salt Baking Powder Vegetable Oil 78733 162846 217227 18 5. 5. 3 Supplier Raw Materials Milk Powder Flour Source Local Wholesale Supplier Local Wholesale Supplier Major ice-cream factories like Arun industries, kwallity walls then we can go for major banana chips makers like Hot Chips, Ananda Bhavan, Banana Peel Sucralose Salt Baking Powder Vegetable Oil Chain of Restaurants Wholesale Supplier Local Wholesale Supplier Local Wholesale Supplier Local Wholesale Supplier 5. 5. Credit policies We will give our products to our wholesaler on 30 days credit. Initially they can take the supplies and can pay within 30 days. This will be an added flexibility for our wholesaler. 19 6. 6. 1 Organization chart Management and Organization We will have the managing director under whom various department heads will be there . Under marketing department we will have the regional managers and under each regional manager sales executive will be there who will take care of the various activities like taking orders and creating new customers for our product. . 2 Communication channel Sales executives will report to the marketing manager for all the market needs demands. Marketing manager Regional manager Regional manager Sales executive Finance Managing Director Sales exicutives Distributor,retailor production functional departments 20 6. 3Bankers State bank of India 7. Financial Plan 12-Month Profit and Loss Projection First six months will be considered for plant implementation face by seventh month company will be ready for the production. Sales and production targeted for 1200 tons of biscuits. irst 4 months the target is 15 %( 180 tone/Month) of full capacity and last two months will at 20 %( 240 tone/month) capacity. Month NET REVENUES COST OF REVENUE GROSS PROFIT OPERATING EXPENSES Sales Marketing Research Development General and Administration Total Operating Expenses EARNINGS FROM OPERATIONS EXTRAORDINARY INCOME / (EXP ENSE) EARNINGS BEFORE INTEREST TAXES INTEREST INCOME / (EXPENSE) NET EARNINGS BEFORE TAXES TAXES NET EARNINGS 7 480,006 159,084 320,922 8 480,006 159,084 320,922 9 480,006 159,084 320,922 0 480,006 159,084 320,922 11 640,008 212,112 427,896 12 640,008 212,112 427,896 Total 3,200,040 1,060,562 2,139,478 197,893 13,752 30,440 242,086 197,893 13,752 30,440 242,086 197,893 13,752 30,440 242,086 197,893 13,752 30,440 242,086 263,858 18,336 40,587 322,781 263,858 18,336 40,587 322,781 1,319,289 91,681 202,934 1,613,904 78,836 78,836 78,836 78,836 105,115 105,115 525,574 0 0 (6,250) 0 0 (6,250) (70,000) 78,836 78,836 72,586 78,836 105,115 98,865 455,574 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 78,836 (31,534) 47,302 78,836 (31,534) 47,302 2,586 (29,034) 43,552 78,836 (31,534) 47,302 105,115 (42,046) 63,069 98,865 (39,546) 59,319 455,574 (182,230) 273,344 21 Four-Year Profit Projection 22 Balance Sheet for five year. Break-Even Analysis 23 To Investor We are looking for venture capitalists and we need to raise fund of 1. 1 million $ for first year. We are comfortable with Up 90% ownership sharing with investors. According to plan investor will get dividend of 30 % from third year. By 5th year total dividend will be about 5 times of initial investment. Accumulated retained earnings will be used for new market opportunity, to keep investors Profit maximization in long run. Investors are free to sell their share after 3rd year. 24 8. Conclusion our company will produce a buscuit which will be low calorie with some added advantage like antioxidant properties along with some anti bacterial activities and due to these factors along with the low cost advantage our produt will gain popularity in small time and to overcome with competition we will be concentrating on R D to develop some new product and adding alues to our existing products. So we are expecting our product to be launched in market soon. Such projects are needed for social concern. It will motivate other food industry to re-engineer by existing resources to bring out new food products for the sake of human welfare. We hope to roll out more of such products which could earn us profits and also equally important to society. 25

Salary Negotiation for Women Close the Pay Gap! Part 1

Salary Negotiation for Women Close the Pay Gap! Part 1 Salary Negotiation for Women: Close the Pay Gap! Part 1 The following story, one that a friend related to me just a couple of days ago, has become all-too-familiar: Judy (fictitious name), a part-time assistant in my friend’s office, was offered a full-time position at a salary lower than she deserved, and lower than she had made in previous positions. She felt underappreciated, but wanted the full-time position. So she went home to discuss it with her husband, and came back the next day with her decision. She would accept the job. She did not negotiate, but instead accepted the low-ball offer. What she didn’t know is that the hiring manager had been prepared to give her more- if she had chosen to ask for it. Now, not only is Judy’s salary below her worth, but all her raises in the future will be based on a low starting point. To me, this situation is very sad. You’re probably aware of the pay gap between men and women in the workplace. Perhaps you’ve heard the statistic that women earn 80 cents to every dollar that men earn. The gap persists after controlling for college major, occupation, employment sector, and even requests for time off. Strikingly, this number varies depending on ethnicity: Asian women earn 94 cents to the men’s dollar; white women 82 cents, African American women 68 cents, and Hispanic women 61 cents. So while it does seem that the gap is due to underlying sexism and racism, some of it could also be due to women’s failure to ask for what they deserve. I wonder, are Asian women just better negotiators than their white, African American, and Hispanic peers? While the answer to that question is still a mystery to me, I learned a ton about the topic of salary negotiation in a webinar presented by Professor Deborah Ellis for YaleWomen, Salary Negotiation. Professor Ellis addressed the pay gap for women and how women can start making inroads into that gap through salary negotiation. In salary negotiation, there is nothing to fear but fear itself. Many women are scared that by negotiating they will lose the position completely- but that rarely happens. You might lose the negotiation, but you won’t get a worse package than what you were already offered. And more often, you’ll get what you want. One mid-level lawyer reported: â€Å"I negotiated, and there really wasn’t any back and forth. He just said yes to the request I made.† Hmmm†¦ Maybe men who are hiring are more scared of you than you are of them. They don’t want to lose you and they have already chosen you as the best person for the job. So you are in a position of power. Use it! Salary negotiation works for women! I wish more women understood their position of power and would reap the benefits of salary negotiation. But a study at Carnegie Mellon revealed that only 7% of women grad students negotiated vs. 57% of men. The average salary bump for negotiating was 7.4%, which translated to $500K over the course of a career! If you are a woman who doesn’t negotiate for your salary, I hope you’re getting that women DO succeed in salary negotiation. And you can too. There’s neuroscience at work here: If you think you will do well, you will do better than if you think you won’t do well. One way to convince yourself that you will do well is to know that others have succeeded before you. Women face unique challenges in salary negotiation. Many of the barriers to salary negotiation are internal. I’ve addressed some of those above. Also, women historically have a harder time advocating for themselves than they do for other people- but they are better than men at â€Å"representational negotiation†- fighting to get something for another person. Here’s a nifty trick offered by Professor Ellis: If you think you don’t deserve more for yourself, negotiate for someone else in your life, like your family, or even your dog. But ask! There are also external barriers faced by women. The reality is that women who make demands can be seen as adversarial or confrontational. So how you ask makes a difference. Here are some techniques to work against the negative perceptions that are out there: Don’t make demands in writing. Have a conversation, preferably in person or by Skype. Phone is okay too but it’s great to be able to see each other. Yep. Be friendly. Use â€Å"we† instead of â€Å"I†- make it about the team and working together toward a common cause. Express enthusiasm about the job from the get-go. Never say it’s non-negotiable. Ask questions vs. making demands. Examples: â€Å"Would you consider a salary of $xxx?† â€Å"What would you think of my working from home†¦?† Use humor. Use the power of silence. Let them fill the silence. Overall, keep in mind that the goal for both you and the employer is a continuing relationship. Both of you want to reach an amiable win-win solution. I hope you’re feeling more confident that you can go and negotiate for the compensation you want. Next week, I’ll share more about the nuts and bolts strategy of salary negotiation, which applies to men and women alike.

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Ethics and Risk Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Ethics and Risk Assessment - Essay Example 2), the form will be submitted to the appropriate Programme Administrator. Specific deadlines may apply: check on the School student intranet or with the Programme Administrator. After submission of the form, students may still change the title of their project with the agreement of their supervisor. If a change to title has ethical or risk implications however then the form should be resubmitted, this should also be indicated. Family Name First name(s) Registration Number Programme/Degree Name of Supervisor or Course-unit Leader Section 1. Confirmation of Title and Description of Project Title Child Abuse in the Catholic Church: Interview with an abused Attach a separate sheet with a description of your proposed project, max. 500 words. This should not be a theoretical or intellectual rationale, nor a detailed methodology. It should specify the location(s) and duration of your project and describe, as far as possible, who you will work with and what your interactions with research p articipants will consist of (i.e. what you will actually do with them and in what contexts) and what kind of data you will collect. Section 2. Risk Assessment Please tick (?) one box (there is no need to print out or submit a copy of the generic assessments): The proposed research does not involve any fieldwork but complies with the School Generic Risk Assessment C: On Campus Working. I confirm I have read and understood this assessment. The proposed research does include a period of fieldwork, but complies with the School Generic Risk Assessment A: Off Campus work in the UK. I confirm I have read and understood this assessment. ? The proposed research does include a period of fieldwork, but complies with the School Generic Risk Assessment B: Off Campus work overseas. I confirm I have read and understood this assessment. The proposed research does include a period of fieldwork, but falls outside of the School’s Generic Risk Assessments and therefore I have completed and attac hed a full risk assessment for approval. Section 3. Ethical Considerations Question 1 YES NO Will the research for your project involve you in gathering or holding data from living human participants in any form (i.e. interviews, surveys, observation)? Yes or No, please tick (?) one box ? If you answered No to Question 1, then you are free to undertake your research, but if your research alters at any time before submission to involve the gathering of information from or holding of data from living human participants then you must recomplete and resubmit this form. If you answered Yes to Question 1, please continue onto Question 2 Question 2 Please confirm that you have read and understood the School’s template for Ethics Approval for Student Research Projects with Consenting Adults and that your project falls within the parameters described in the template. Yes or No, please tick (?) one box YES NO ? If you answered Yes to Question 2 then you are free to undertake your resea rch providing you abide by the following conditions. You must work to the information contained in the School’s template for Ethics Approval for Student Research Projects with Consenting Adults, regarding use of participant consent forms and participant information forms, and regarding the safe collection, storage and handling of data. If your research alters at any time before submission to depart from the School’s template for Ethics Approval for Student Research Projects with Consenting Adults, then this approval is revoked and you must speak immediately to your supervisor. You must complete and submit with this form a sample participant infor

Categorical imperative described by Immanuel Kant

Categorical imperative described by Immanuel Kant The Categorical Imperative which was initially described by Immanuel Kant is the theory that a person is to act only on the maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law (ONeill, 1993, p.177). He believed that individuals are able to behave in a moral way due to their ability to think rationally and freely when making choices. He felt that a persons moral duties are categorical imperatives, in that our morals tell us how we ought to act. He stressed that these moral duties command us to take certain actions thus giving us the word imperative (Smith, 2010). Kant also felt that these moral responsibilities are relevant to individuals because of their rationality and because individuals have the ability to make their own decisions apart from others influence. The role of his categorical imperative within Kants ethics will be discussed in this essay as well as the limitations to his theory, leading to the conclusion that the categorical imperati ve may be a guiding ideal, but cannot be universally and fairly applied in the real world. Kants ethics seem grounded in the basis of the idea that we each have rights to freedom, autonomy and democracy. Because these rights are ours, we therefore have the ability to make free, rational and moral choice. We can determine our duty through our ability to reason. Kant contends that the categorical imperative begins with the premise that human beings have a free will and that ability to reason (ONeill, 1993, p.175). Kants explanations make sense because he argued that in order to act morally, it was necessary for one to first be free to have the choice of being moral or immoral (Smith, 2010). He also felt that as rational beings, individuals are compelled through their rationality to follow norms and requirements in society, thus our reasoned morality follows a set of internal laws which will then govern our actions. In Kants view, morality is characterized by the ability to universalize (ONeill, 1993, p.177). If a choice or action cannot be universalized across all agents, then it is irrational, unreasonable and therefore immoral. These choices or decisions can be called maxims, so a universalizable maxim is a moral maxim (ONeill, 1993, p.177). In contrast, subjective maxims are those which are not binding or applicable to all people and which cannot guide the actions of the moral, rational individual. So with the cornerstones of rationality and universalizability at the base of Kants categorical imperative, we add his views on duty and good will. To Kant, morality is based on the intent not on the action or outcomes of those actions. Acting with good will is acting with duty to others, through of course the reasoned conclusion that this duty is moral. According to Kant, this was the foundation of overall good. He highlighted the fact that â€Å"one cannot use action to judge whether a being was good or bad because sometimes some good actions may be an avenue for committing evil acts† (Smith, 2010). For example, to donate your money or possessions to others could be considered a good or worthy deed. However, if that donation is actually done to gain a heightened profile in the community or to hide resources from the government, then this will undermine the seemingly good act. Whether or not the action is good comes down to the intent of the individual, not the outcome. The connection can therefore be made that Kant characterized inherent good as good will, meaning that if one has pure intentions at the commencement of a n activity, then no matter the result of that activity, the individual would be considered to be good and duteous, as they have removed â€Å"empirical ego† from the decision (Schroeder, 2005, p.19). The categorical imperative therefore gives us the ability to decide if an action is a moral or immoral one, in that it tells us to make our decisions not on our desires or expected outcomes, which would be hypothetical, but by making a decision which is the right, moral or categorical imperative (Smith, 2010). This is not a simple answer, as the categorical imperative is a way of leading us to decision making which is considered and which demands we assess our motivations for those decisions. To apply Kants categorical imperative in a practical way, he offers four formulations to aid in its understanding. The first is the formula of universal law which states â€Å"act only in accordance with that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it become a universal law† (Kant, 1998, p.31). As stated earlier in this essay, this formulation relates to the universability principle. The second is the formula of the law of nature and asks us to â€Å"act as if the maxim of your action were to become through your will a universal law of nature† (Kant, 1998, p.31). This formulation relates to the parallels between the laws of nature and moral law. The third formulation of his imperative is of humanity and asks that you â€Å"act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of another, always at the same time as an end and never simply as a means† (Kant, 1998, p.37). This describes his respect for others and our n eed in moral action to act well towards others in a universal manner. His fourth and final formulation for the categorical imperative is that of autonomy. It states that our actions are to be guided by â€Å"the idea of the will of every rational being as a will giving universal law† (Kant, 1998, p. 39). This principle of autonomy includes the concept of free and rational choice, as well as the capacity to compare and evaluate differing options. Unless directed by good will, autonomy is an ideal which will not be achieved in Kants theory. There are limitations to the belief that moral requirements must be categorical. Kants own writing on the issue of lying shows a much debated weakness to his theory. In refuting a French philosopher who maintained that truth was only a duty if it did not injure others, Kant stressed that truth was a duty in and of itself. However great the disadvantage to self or others, Kant believed that the categorical imperative demanded truth in all human action that it in fact was a sacred decree of reason (Kant, 1994, p.281). The consequences of an action held little interest for Kant, as it was in the morality of the decision or action that he held forth. Yet the implications of such a rigid and insensitive view of the actuality of human existence make Kants theory of categorical imperative unrealistic (ONeill, 1993, p.182). When a person obeys the categorical imperative, they are working within an ideal which presents them with the choice to make independent, ethical decisions (Katchy, 2007). One can only have this choice if the idea of freedom of thought and action accompanies a lack of fear of â€Å"authoritarian repercussion for not conforming to the will of another† (Katchy, 2007). Kant believed that forefront on the minds and consciousness of people, should be their own self-interest, and that republics should be established, where law would be adopted by the citizenry over violence. This would support his belief that due to the categorical imperative to act morally, these republics would lead to the possibility of peaceful existence (Schroeder, 2005, p.20). Whilst it may seem logical to some that all individuals are rational and level-headed because we as Kants individuals have the capability to use such rational and level-headed ideas to guide our actions, the truth is that reality has lit tle bearing on Kants ideals (Katchy, 2007). Kant presented sound theory which not only is used today by many, but was far-reaching for a theorist of the 1900s. His theories would by many be termed as simple common sense in todays world and the categorical imperative offers clear counsel for those who wish to place an underpinning theory to their day-to-day decision making. With an â€Å"absolute and detailed necessity of making sure that a person exercises their own will and does not conform to the ways of others† (Katchy, 2007), Kantian morality has an attitude that can be found in modern times. Individuals are able to rely upon logic to guide their actions in a rational way, but rationality is not due to logical behaviour. Kants theory is relatively simplistic, be your own person, act morally and do not simply act as others tell you to, but with your own thought and evaluation (Katchy, 2007). It is also quite clear in confirming the distinction between understanding the duty towards self and our responsibilities towar ds others. As a utilitarian however, the categorical imperative is not a sustainable view. As utilitarians, we must take into account the consequences of our actions and decisions and the impact of these actions or decisions on others. Kants murderer at the door is a prime example of how the outcome of lying is so much better than of telling the truth the correct response was to lie. But as an ideal to aspire to, the theory of the categorical imperative is a powerful one (Katchy, 2007) which transcends time or geography, upon which one can establish their own moral foundation in a world which can be confusing and contradictory.